Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Biography of William Wordsworth Essay

William Wordsworth was conceived April seventh, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland. He went to class at Saint John’s College, University of Cambridge. He was said to have adored nature. During school breaks he visited places known for their beautiful excellence. While in France, he became hopelessly enamored with Annette Vallon. They had a little girl in December of 1770, in a matter of seconds before he moved back to England. Wordsworth had composed verse while he was as yet a student, yet none of his sonnets were distributed until 1793.His initially distributed sonnets were An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. These sonnets display the impact of the conventional method of verse in England all through the eighteenth century. Wordsworth had met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a kindred writer, and in 1797 Woodsworth moved to Alfoxden, Somersetshire, close by his sister Dorthy. Their home was close Coleridge’s home in Nether Stowey. This move made a supported companionship among Wordsworth and Coleridge, and the two of them dealt with a volume of sonnets entitled Lyrical Ballads, which was distributed 1798. Expressive Ballads is said to have demonstrated the start of the Romantic Movement in English verse. Wordsworth composed most of the sonnets in the book, for example, â€Å"Tintern Abbey†. Coleridge’s fundamental commitment was Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Expressive Ballads was met with threatening vibe from most pundits, as it spoke to an uprising against contemporary English verse. In support of his eccentric way of thinking of verse, Wordsworth composed a â€Å"Preface† to the second release of Ballads, which developed in 1800. His thought was that the premise of graceful validity was the genuine event of the sense. He said that verse gets from â€Å"emotion remembered in tranquility.† He demanded that the scenes and activities of consistently life and the discourse of average folks were the essential material of which verse ought to comprise of. Preceding his distribution of the â€Å"Preface†, Wordsworth went with Coleridge to Germany in 1798-99. During this timeframe, Wordsworth composed some of his best melodious stanzas. Numerous pundits consider propositions stanzas as Wordsworth’s most noteworthy work. William and his sister came back to England in 1799, and moved to Dove Cottage in Grasmere, Westmorland. This region is close to the English Lake District. Robert Southey, another artist, and Coleridge, lived close by. Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge got known as the Lake Poets. Wordsworth wedded Mary Hutchinson in 1802. She was a cherished companion, who was delineated in â€Å"She was a Phantom of Delight†. Sonnets in Two Volumes was distributed in 1807. Wordsworth’s lovely capacity and knowledge got dull as he got more seasoned. His later verse can't match the verse composed during his childhood. Wordsworth was granted an administration benefits in 1842. He kicked the bucket at Rydal Mount, on April 23rd in 1850. He was covered in the Grasmere burial ground.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

President Richard Nixons Administration essays

President Richard Nixon's Administration expositions January 20, 1969, Richard Nixon was confirmed as the thirty-seventh leader of the United States. Nixon's VP was Spiro T. Agnew. His work as president began weeks sooner before he even got down to business. Those weeks were spent picking the individuals who might be in his bureau. In 1969, one of the most pressing organizations confronting him was figuring out how to end the Vietnam War without permitting the administration of South Vietnam to be crushed by Communists. Nixon chose to drop bombs on Cambodia. A portion of the individuals in Congress were annoyed with his choice, saying that it appeared that he was making the disliked war progressively far reaching. Nixon addressed that he was just attempting to end the war quickly. After a year he arranges troops to attack a few territories in Cambodia where Communist soldiers were covering up in the wilderness. This attack began immense enemy of war fights everywhere throughout the United States. Undergrads did the majority of the fighting obliterating numerous school grounds structures by setting them ablaze. The issue with the Communists in Vietnam had been passed to Nixon by the three presidents before him, in which none of them could take care of the issue. Something else was the economy of America. Swellin g was at exceptionally elevated levels. Individuals were losing their positions. Nixon, in contrast to some other Republican president, made a major declaration on August 15, 1971. The costs of all great and administration and the wages of most Americans would freeze for ninety days. During the ninety days, stores couldn't raise the costs of any things sold in the store. Likewise, laborers couldn't request raises or more significant compensations. After the ninety-day time frame, Nixon requested that all Americans follow the adjustments in the costs and the pay rates cautiously. This solicitation to the individuals, seemed like Nixon was attempting to run the United States like a Communist government. After World War II finished, no American president had visited a Communist country while in office. Nixon finished t... <!

Sunday, July 26, 2020

A bowl of noodles from a stranger

A bowl of noodles from a stranger That night, Sue quarreled with her mother, then stormed out of the house. While enroute, she remembered that she did not have any money in her pocket, she did not even have enough coins to make a phone call home.At the same time, she went through a noodle shop, picking up sweet fragrance, she suddenly felt very hungry. She wished for a bowl of noodles, but she had no money!The seller saw her standing wheat faltered before the counter and asked: Hey little girl, you want to eat a bowl? But but I do not carry money she shyly replied. Okay, Ill treat you the seller said come in, I will cook you a bowl.A few minutes later the owner brought her a steaming bowl of noodles. Ate some pieces, Sue cried. What is it? He asked. Nothing. I am just touched by your kindness! Sue said as she wiped her tears. Even a stranger on the street gives me a bowl of noodles, and my mother, after a  quarrel, chased me out of the house. She is  cruel!!The seller sighed: Girl, why did you think so? Think again. I only gave you a bowl of noodles and you felt that way. Your mother had raised you since you were little, why were you not grateful and disobeyed your mom?Sue was really surprised after hearing that.Why did I not think of that? A bowl of noodles from a stranger made me feel indebted, and my mother has raised me since I was little and I have never felt so, even a little.On the way home, Sue thought in her head what she would say to her mother when she arrives home: Mom, Im sorry. I know it is my fault, please forgive me Once up the steps, Sue saw her mother worried and tired of looking for her everywhere. Upon seeing Sue, her mother gently said: Sue, come inside honey. You are probably very hungry? I cooked rice and prepared the meal already, come eat while it is still hot Can not control any longer, Sue cried in her moms hands.In life, we sometimes easy to appreciate the small actions of some people around us, but for the relatives, especially parents, we see their sacrifi ces as a matter of natural Parental love and concern are the most precious gifts we have been given since birth.Parents do not expect us to pay back for nurturing us but have we ever appreciated or treasure the unconditional sacrifice of our parents?Translated from a Vietnamese story by Tina

Friday, May 22, 2020

Animals Take Over in Animal Farm by George Orwell

In the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, the animals take over the farm and develop their own independent society. Just as it happened during the Russian Revolution of 1917. George Orwell underlies the tension between the oppressed and the exploiting classes between the condescending ideals and harsh realities of socialism. During the course of the literary piece by George Orwell makes it clear how the animals are mistreated by â€Å"Mr. Jones â€Å", because of this treatment they are receiving; Old Major dreams about a rebellion and how after the rebellion all animals will be treated equally. He sets rules that every animal should keep, and states â€Å"what ever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend†(Orwell,11) ; rules such as : â€Å"no animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade† (Orwell, 11). According to George, the rebellion occurred much earlier than the animals had planned and they were not ready to have a settled government; that is when Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer take charge of the other animals referring to their government as animalism .When also having seven key commandments .This specific point on the literary work is the turning point of everything that Old Major had planned for his â€Å"perfect comradeship†. The pigs also taught themselves to read and write; adopting human habits. The majority of the animals work hard during the summer, while the pigs think ofShow MoreRelatedA Critical Review of Animal Farm Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Review of Animal Farm Once again, George Orwell shows his literary genius in writing. Through a brilliantly designed plot, the evidence for the horrors of totalitarianism, communism, and revolution have been shown. Throughout history, these types of events have destroyed societies, and George Orwell uses his strength in satire to show this. In someways, he even pokes fun at the communist regimes around the world by symbolizing them as animals. Truly, this book is not only serious inRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. T his story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreEducation In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1537 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Ignorance In Animal Farm1558 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because of this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   first,Read MoreCharacterization In Animal Farm790 Words   |  4 Pageswhich.† Orwell wrote Animal Farm as an allegory based on problems resulting from the Rus sian Revolution. In Animal Farm, George Orwell uses tone, characterization, and stylistic elements to show that people in power use manipulation to stay in power. George Orwell uses characterization to show Napoleon’s character development throughout the story. Orwell uses characterization in Animal Farm to show how Napoleon went from an ordinary pig to the dictator. In the beginning of Animal Farm, whileRead MoreTotalitarianism in Orwells Mind Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor George Orwell hates in government. 1984, a book written by Orwell, depicts a society called Oceania, in which unwary citizens are obedient to the Party, a totalitarian regime. Totalitarianism is defined as a political system in which a centralized government does not tolerate any form of political dissent and seeks to control many, if not all, aspects of public and private life. Another one of George Orwell’s books, Animal Farm, is an allegory about the Soviet Union, and in it farm animalsRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literaryRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead More Biography George Orwell Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesopinions like George Orwell. Orwell got to express his opinions in his writings. He wrote about the sociopolitical conditions of his time. For a man whose career started as a dishwasher, he came a long way to be known as the great author he is known as today. In this paper George Orwells early life, his variety of jobs before becoming a writer, his many successes and failures and some of his best known novels and critiques of them, and his sad death will all be discussed. George Orwell was born in

Friday, May 8, 2020

Personal Leadership Philosophy Of Organizational Leadership

Personal Leadership Philosophy Participating in the course Foundations of Organizational Leadership presented many opportunities to enhance and enrich my perspective on leadership as well as develop my own unique leadership philosophy. By observing the theories, models and cases presented in Northouse, Kouzes and Posner textbooks, I was able to learn through the experience of others what a true leader should represent. While considering the strengths and weaknesses of each theory, I am able to implement a leadership style with an effective approach tailored to many different types of learners. In addition, witnessing both the triumphs and failures of various businesses and leadership styles, helped me confirm my personal stance and aspirations towards becoming a leader. By implementing what I have learned from the course and textbooks, I will address in this paper what specific leadership theories, styles and models have contributed to forming my own leadership philosophy. In addition, I will also define the value s, qualities, strengths and weaknesses and ethical considerations that pertain to my stance on leadership. By integrating a faith based approach as the foundation of my leadership style, I hope to implement my new philosophy into my current and future career path. Leadership Defined First we must understand and define what leadership is in order to grasp the concepts that contribute to forming leadership styles and philosophies. Leadership is a combination ofShow MoreRelatedPersonal Leadership Philosophy Of A Healthcare Organization1627 Words   |  7 PagesPERSONAL LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY We live and operate in a reasonably diverse world, and consequently our operations come with a variability of values and beliefs from multicultural backgrounds. As a leader in a healthcare organization I must explore the organizational beliefs, vision, team motivations in order to accomplish the perceived vision successfully and professionally. It is my responsibility as a leader to effectively articulate the identified vision of the organization and motivateRead More21st Century Leadership Of Willie Robertson1477 Words   |  6 Pages21st Century Leadership of Willie Robertson Willie Robertson is the Chief Executive Officer of Duck Commander, which is a family owned and operated hunting-accessories company. Willie’s father founded the company in 1972, but it’s been Willie’s entrepreneur skills and charismatic leadership that has developed the company into a multi-million dollar business specializing in the manufacturing of duck calls, duck decoys, cooking DVDs and apparel. He also introduced his family and company to the worldRead MoreLeadership Development : A Strategic Approach820 Words   |  4 PagesFuture Leadership Development Consequently, leadership development requires that organizations take a strategic approach such as coaching, training programs, mentoring, and/or virtual learning. A critical analysis and evaluation of what I learned regarding leadership development is that organizations must evaluate organizational needs and individual skills and competencies; assess an individual readiness to learn; create performance measures and evaluation criteria to measure training and learningRead MorePersonal Growth Is The Most Important Factor Of My Development Plan1071 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal growth is the most important factor of my development plan at my current stage in life. Due to the increased competitive nature of young up and comers I feel that I may be limited for opportunities and advancement. Creating an in-depth leadership development plan will assist me in building up on my leadership skills and abilities. Although this leadership development plan is only a guideline, the real learnin g process is an ongoing journey. It’s a mark of respect and fairness to includeRead MoreThe Adoption Of An Effective Leadership Style995 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The adoption of an effective leadership style is necessary to achieve Organizational goals and to enhance productively. According to Riaz, Haider, (2010), organizations are expected to carry out tasks with limited resource to the maximum level in order to maintain the competitive edge and sustain profitability position of the organization. Therefore, it is imperative for organizations to adopt leadership styles with characteristics of motivating, directing and influencing employeesRead MoreThe Leadership Theory Of Organizational Needs1507 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant that organizational needs are met by ensuring that leaders have the right skills, while also having a foundation of a specific leadership theory to drive the daily functions of the organization. As important as these aspects are, it is even more important that leaders take the time to evaluate their leadership style and philosophy to ensure that they remain effective and efficient in their work. Fisher (2009) notes t hat it is important to recognize the type of leadership that is most effectiveRead MoreLeadership Styles And Philosophies Of Leadership Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and You Leaders play a crucial role in the society and organizations, especially with regards to helping the organization achieve its objectives and purposes. These individuals use varying approaches to leadership that inform their practices in motivating organizational members towards the accomplishment of common objectives. Through their practices, leaders not only influence the behaviors of their followers or subordinates but also help in shaping organizational culture. The useRead MoreEssay on What Do People Do When They Are Leading1272 Words   |  6 PagesMontgomery Lithonia Campus BUS-520 Leadership and Organizational Behavior June 2, 2013 Strayer University Abstract This paper will analyze the leadership style and philosophy, of Tony Hsieh, CEO of Zappos.com, an on-line footwear and clothing retailer that has become a gold standard for customer service and company culture. The paper will also analyze how Tony Hsiehs leadership style aligns with the culture, and examine his personal and organizational values. It will also examine how thoseRead MoreOrganizational Development : An Effective Leader942 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Development As leaders incorporate these practices and behaviors, it is critical to be mindful of how we go about processing change. A key learn from the Organizational Development module was planning changes, processing, engagement, and training of staff is critical for a positive outcome. Understanding how employees react to situational changes can prevent an otherwise bad outcome if not handled appropriately (Burke, 2011). Sentio Rapid Assessment Additionally, we had the opportunityRead MoreThe Vision And Values Of Hhi Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagescreating a goal to help participants gain a better quality of life (Horizon House, Inc., 2016). The vision and values of HHI is shared among all staff through the various principles of transformational leadership. The leadership within HHI incorporates the four principles of transformational leadership in the practical settings of the organization. For instance, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) ensures that all Directors, Managers, and Direct Care Staff know and understand the vision and the purpose

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Negotiating a Salary Increase Free Essays

Many factors outside of the employees control determine salary increases. Many reputable companies give employees handbooks that vaguely outline pay increases. In an uncertain economy, salary negotiations require preparation and keeping accurate records on the employee’s part. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiating a Salary Increase or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key to successful salary increase is to convince the employer that the company cannot afford to do without the services the person who is asking for a pay raise is providing. Remember the person is always replaceable. The services that person provides should not be easily replaceable. The negotiation for a salary increase starts the first day the person starts working the company. Every employee should bring at least one unique contribution to the company that he or she works for. The strategy of these contributions should never be discussed with anyone. Unique contributions always stand out. No one can hide an excellent sales person or customer service representative at any level. Employees who have unique marketable skills cannot be easily copied. Having skills that are an asset to the company eliminates the human resources viable reasons for not giving the employee the salary increase. Appearance plays a big psychological part in negotiating salary increases. Upper management companies always expect their staff to dress professionally. In entry level positions, the employee’s salary can be determined by dressing better then what is expected. If uniforms are required, dressing up will take a little creativity. Ladies can wear extra jewelry. Gentlemen can go through the extra expense of having their uniforms dry cleaned. In business type atmospheres, manicures for both men and women to psychologically give the impression they are valuable to the company.   On the day of salary negotiations and evaluations, dressing better then usual is psychologically effective. Have an exclusive shoe wardrobe. When it gets to salary negotiations, never volunteer your salary requirements (Goodman 2002). When filling out the job application or submitting a resume, the applicant should never list an amount for salary. On the day of salary negotiations, the human resources know what the employee will accept. Salaries are dependent upon the employees past work history. This is all verifiable by social security numbers. It is to the employee’s advantage to do a background check to verify the information in their records is accurate. If the information the applicant is putting in writing conflicts with what is in the databases, he or she will never be told. Even if the information comes out to be inaccurate, the management already formed a permanent opinion. Be selective about the company. The financial investors and presidents are uncertain about the future financial status of the company. Do some research to determine what others are earning (Lloyd, no date given). Doing research will be well worth the time when negotiating salaries. Psychologically, an employee feels much more confident when the day comes to negotiate salaries if they feel they are prepared.   The employee should keep an accurate, detailed list of all the accomplishments that was valuable to the company. Remember that salary negotiations start way before the day the arrangements are made. Keep a professional, formal relationship with the management and co-workers. It is a good policy to never have conversations that includes anyone who is not present. The most successful negotiators will feel a lot more confident if they have a plan to compete with the organization or business if turned down for deserved pay raises. Works Cited: Goodman, P. â€Å"Landing a Plump Package in Tough Times† Business Week, com 4 Feb 2002 Lloyd, J â€Å"How to Negotiate the Salary You Deserve† Labour Protect.com No date given                How to cite Negotiating a Salary Increase, Essay examples

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel

Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Executive Summary This report analyses and presents the â€Å"Strategic Marketing Plan† for â€Å"Marina Bay Sands† Hotel. This is a five-star inn located in Singapore, which has excellent leisure facilities, fashionable architecture, and offers first-rate MICE services to clients. The report highlights the overall company history in terms of hotel description, its location, services offered, its clients, owners, and basic formation. The company’s market share and revenue is analyzed, with the significant effect of global economic crunch noted. This has affected the market capitalization over time from 2007 value of $49 billion; $140.00 per share to nearly $3 billion in 2008. There is a brief description of organizational structure and working systems within Marina, this inc ludes the statement of the mission of the organization. Concurrently, PESTLE analysis describes the exterior influences on the industry. An analysis of each factor is evident thus demonstrating the current position of the organization. Market analysis shows that Marina enjoys a strategic location in Singapore, South East Asia with a large customer base. Competition is not as stiff as only one rival, GMB exist in the region. There is an analysis of the four P’s in relation to the business. Noticeably, a SWOT analysis indicates that the organization has more potency and opportunities than the limitations and threats. An outline of recommendations for future methodologies and approaches to marketing is evident in the final part of the report on the firm. Introduction Strategic Marketing Plan This is a vital concept in all business organizations as it forms the root for successful service launch and market performance. Macdonald (2008, p 25) argues that marketing planning helps b usinesses to scrutinize and direct the range of interior and peripheral influences on its competency to accomplish lucrative sales, and goals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to him, planning of the marketing undertakings with inclusion of all the business activities is necessary for potential growth and service to customers. This novel approach enables corporate to gain profit, which is the universal yardstick for gauging efficiency while also satisfying customer desires. Marketing strategies in any business outline become the working targets in the marketing unit (Macdonald 2008, p 26). Williams Leech (2004, P 64) indicates that marketing plan is a representation of outcome of strategy development, setting objectives, and shaping the P’s. That though there may be variances in the structure, the plan mostly consists of the management summary, market situa tion, â€Å"SWOT and PESTLE† analysis, and marketing objectives. With globalization, the increased interests in hospitality sector require organizations that have sound marketing plans if they are to realize profitability and provide adequate services to the beneficiaries. General Company Background Hotel Description This is Asia’s fabulous trade and holiday destination, has about 2,500 accommodation and suites, â€Å"state-of-the-art† caucus and exposition amenities, theaters, first-rate casino, leisure and top shopping or dining within Singapore. It is a unification of three deluxe hotels coupled by gorgeous sky patio and Sands SkyPark. Established by the famous gaming corporation, â€Å"Las Vegas Sands,† Marina provides console and bliss for all clients. It offers excellent gaming, noble-concept bars; trendy clubs and delicious meals. In a featured article, Ballinger (2010) observes that it also embodies of three high rise storey commissioned in 2010, with 1-hectare crown Sky Park eliciting 360-degree appearance to Nation’s skyline and showing marvelously sculptured precincts, cafeterias and a swimming puddle. The Market Share and Revenue There are estimations that over 90% of the greater â€Å"Las Vegas Sands† is under the ownership of inside members, the current CEO with an approximate of 65%. According to Cohen (2010), MBS has recorded over double in net revenue, say US$485.9 M up from US$216.4 M in subsequent quarter with only 65 days functionality upon its April pliable commissioning.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Income prior to interest, levy, depreciation, and paying off rose up to US$241.6M whereas EBITDA margin escalating to 49.7% from 43.7%. Global fiscal slump has currently affected the marketplace capitalization over time from 2007 value of $49 b illion; $140.00 per share to nearly $3 billion in 2008. It has over time experienced financial crunches, with Sheldon persistently intervening to correct the anomalies. There has however never been a presentable long-term fiscal performance analysis since the hotel came into full fledge operation just i8n recent times. As indicated by Cohen (2010), the hotel performance over short period of operation, is progressive and has added additional upscale value to the Singapore’s hospitality market index and rating. Sheldon Adelson indicates in the â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010) that MBS hotel increases trade and leisure in Singapore and the greater South Asia. He further indicates that the hotel has realized approximately $1 billion attuned property EBITDA in the initial one year of business, which is a tremendous and historical record. Employees and Business Structure The â€Å"Las Vegas Sands Corp.† is involved in the tenure and supervision of this hotel. It has ot her integrated vacation conveniences spread worldwide. As indicated in the â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010, p 21) the company directly employs about 34,000 workers apart from temporarily hired ones on need-based concept. Mutual bargaining treaties do not exist for the Marina hotel employees. In this report, the corporation again indicates that the employees are gratis to engage in labor unions and this shall not affect its fiscal outputs. The business is under ownership of many, with Adelson Sheldon having almost the largest allocate in capital. Several workers help in running business. The hotel is a constituent of the larger â€Å"Las Vegas Corp† and is managed at peak by a sitting executive committee chairing all the LVS initiatives. Regional management in Singapore is responsible for routing the company’s mission and policies in the hotel.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from rest of implementing employees like culinary staff, there exist peak, central level, and line managers with a variety of departments coordinated by the overall manager for hotel’s efficiency. The HR indicates in an interview featured in â€Å"The Pulse, Issue7† (2009, p 3) that MBS hotel has dedication to mentoring and training its employees. That there is broad leadership and unit definite training and instruction in existing organization levels. There is again commitment to edifying a culture of general reverence and support to enhance teamwork. Mission and Vision Statement and/or corporate values In the pulse (2009, p 2), president of MBS redefines the companies mission and vision. The vision is â€Å"We create once- in- a- lifetime encounters every day.† The mission â€Å"We are devoted to turning MBS the globe’s most outstanding destination for leisure, shopping, and business.† From these, we see a resolute hospitality empire with g reat dedication to service delivery and satisfaction. The above values symbolize the hotel’s culture and core fundamental principles that guide service provision to all clients. Olsen Zhao (p 4) in reporting â€Å"Travel and Tourism Intelligence’s† 2001 study states that corporate values are the founding stones for branding; an aspect becoming increasingly vital by generating higher market share. This permits hotels to indict premium rates, issue superior investor proceeds, and launch customer loyalty. Kumar (2010) also recognize that without sound corporate values, businesses in the hospitality industry are unable to set magnetic product or service brands thus cause failure in efficiency and profitability. The PESTLE analysis This refers to a methodology given application by organizations in the study of their exterior macro environment. This acronym stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental† (Doyle 2008). The re is scanning and identification of risks or environmental changes, monitoring for recognition of trends, and preparation for mitigation. As indicated in â€Å"The Pulse, Issue7† (2009) the hotel is set in a magnificent outlook, providing a dream hospitality destination for the great South Asia. As indicated in â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010), Adelson views Singapore’s exceptional transport system and immediacy to South Asian population as a business advantage. This couples with the hotel’s iconic architecture, supreme entertainment amenities, and strategic setting next to Singapore’s CBD. These factors will in future help in establishment of sustainable client base. The high rate of globalization increases demand for vacation services. As Cohen (2010) indicates, MBS has recorded over double in net returns since its April commissioning. Increasing technological advancements has enhanced online reservations, client communication, and e-finance serv ices thus uplifting hotel trade. It is evident that technology will increase the company’s performances even in the future, given daily advancements and employment of qualified technical staff. The worldwide recession grossly affected the company, lowering its marketplace share and revenue with a higher percentage. Sheldon Adelson however intervened through increasing his shares and loaning the hotel. The annual report (2010, p 9) indicates that Singapore unlike many Asian hospitality and casino markets is not dominated by junket activity. The regulations here require prospecting junket operators to pass a background audit and have license. There are comprehensive licensing necessities and frameworks, which cushion hotel operations and favor their profitability. The legitimate organism thus favors the company. Current Competitor Analysis Competition amongst resorts in the South Asia is high, especially in Singapore where other hotels apart from MBS include RWS, and Macau. RWS is 100% property of the Genting Singapore, located in Sentosa Island, and is a prime family tourist destination connected to Singapore via vehicle and pedestrian bridge. Both companies provide similar services, with RWS having the advantage of an Island location in the Sentosa. Most importantly, MBS hotel has only one competitor in Singapore. As cited in the LVS annual report (2010, p 10) hospitality activities like betting is observed through state-sanctioned licenses awarded to only two operators, of which MBS is one. There is thus restricted competition in betting. Sentosa as a major competitor in the area only began its functioning in January 2010 with six hotels, about 1800 rooms, â€Å"Universal Studios theme park,† Marine Park, and few others. MBS being one of the LVS hospitality enjoys extensive market exposure than its competitors. Genting chairperson, Lim Kok expected an annual turnout of 13 million clients in the first period of work. Other facilities in Sentosa i nclude Maritime Experiential Museum, conventions or exhibitions conveniences, restaurants, and trade shop. It contains approximately 470 betting tables, 500 electronic gaming tables, and 1200 slots. These are far less considering the diverse services existing at the MBS hotel. Their capital base is also limited unlike MBS, which is not purely under singular ownership thus draws large capital from varied sources. The leading shareholder here is the Adelson, who happens to be the Chair and treasurer of MBS. The competitor has recently not introduced any new services. The plush facilities including swimming pool and first-rate services offered under the three-storey roof empire places MBS hotel far ahead of its rival. Current Market Analysis The hotel faces only one competitor RWS in Singapore. Early this year, the â€Å"Chief Operating Officer† Mike Leven indicates that there is growing demand in the hotel facilities, with 80% occupancy. Entry of the MBS into the nation’ s betting sector doubled at about US$6B during 2010. The US$5.5 billion MBS received 11 million clients, having been operational for about one year. Other cited future markets as stated by chairperson Adelson include Spain and India. As stated in the 2010 annual report, advertisement is through both mass and print media, and internet. The hotel marketing department participates in unswerving marketing as permitted in diverse geographic locations; these may be through top slot and chart games markets. According to this report, the hotel enjoys the Singapore market, which has advanced fiscal and transportation network in the S. E Asia locality. This is a place for both trade and vacation. There are further indications that the STB had 11.6 million international guests in 2010, an elevation of 20% unlike 2009 (LVS annual report 2010, p 9). The total mean duration of visit by tourists in Singapore as estimated by STB was 3.9 in 2010. This obvious market enables the hotel to benefit as p resently, the entire betting market has equal contributions from VIP and crowd gaming portions. Additionally, inputs from slot equipment and mass betting segment enhance early escalation of market. Major gaming patrons are from Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. There is nonetheless, expectations of further market extensions into novel feeder markets considering the geographic placement. Cohen (2010) reports that most customers approve the first-rate services offered in this hotel. Current Marketing Mix Marketing involves the matching of an enterprise’s roles and competencies with the client’s desires to attain satisfaction on the two sides (Bowie Buttle 2004). Marketing mix embodies an array of manageable, strategic marketing concepts that a company may blend to realize the response it longs for in the targeted market. It comprises of an entirety of what an organization can do to manipulate demand for its services or products (Wood Brotherton 2008). As indicated by Reid Bojanic (2010), the set collate into the four P’s of â€Å"Product, Place, Price, and Promotion.† They further indicate that organizations are keen to manipulate these variables to develop a strategy for service or product used to found a marketing program. The hotel presents a range of services to visitors on site; the conspicuous ones include meetings and conferencing conveniences, incentives, and exhibitions (MICE). Within it, one may enjoy first-rate casino, leisure, theatre sessions, and shopping expeditions. There are fantastic views from the SkyPark space; this is home to globe’s longest swimming pool, restaurants, and twilight clubs. It offers flexible and exclusive conventions in the area. Several corporate, international, theatrics events, and state functions occur in Marina. Concierge desks services include some of the currently operational services at the expo and convention hub. This enables delegates to buy parking tickets at cheaper amounts unlike other MICE facilities. Promotion as indicated in the LVS annual report (2010, p 10) is through lots of media channels. TV, radio broadcasting, internet, newsprint, magazines, and billboards include some of the commonly used advertisement channels. There is use of direct marketing in various geographic locations, aimed at definite market segments, embodying the â€Å"premium slot and table games markets.† The hotel’s sales unit frequently organizes cocktail events as part client campaign (The pulse 2009, p 4). Targets include voyage agents, corporate regulars, and forum exhibition organizers. The location of Marina is strategic within the great South Asia. Singapore’s good transport network and financial stability is a business merit (Pulse 2009). There are transport systems from the airport designated for visitors destined to Marina. The hotel’s marvelous structural design, excellent leisure facilities, and tactical location help to attract client s. Marina has nightly charges from $237.22 to $1,166.10. There are however, varied charges depending on the type of services offered, rates try to align with those set by STB and fluctuate variably between tourist low and high peaks. The seasons affect demand for these services and gaming charges are set for dissimilar segments but not for junkets. SWOT analysis SWOTs refer to the inferences for establishing strategic marketing schemes. Organizations maximize on strong points and available opportunities within their reach and minimize their weaknesses and outdoor threats (Reid Bojanic 2010). Major strengths of Marina are its capital base so that it minimally relies on external funding, and its iconic architecture that attracts large pool of customers. It has strategic setting in Singapore, which is a vastly industrial state with great tourist attraction capacity. From the pulse (2009), it is evident that Marina hires services of qualified professionals and human resources capable o f driving its objectives to success. The Skypark provides great view of the Singapore from top. This provides an inimitable tourist attraction, which is only in Marina. The restriction of junket gaming by Singapore government makes Marina casinos to be the only outstanding betting destination apart from GMB in the SE Asia. Marina enjoys an established brand and image emerging from the mother company, â€Å"Las Vegas Corp.,† which has long developed many hospitality centers globally. Weaknesses may include constant fluctuations in trade due to varying tourism seasons. The MICE services help in reducing losses as corporate hold functions regularly throughout the year. The MICE and casino services significantly reduce overreliance on a single target group. Marina casino enjoys market opportunities due to litigation of betting by Singapore. The huge annual tourist turnout in the country and its strategic location in the South East Asia provides adequate customer base for the hote l. Threats include competition from GMB, which is also a plush hospitality center located in Sentosa Island. The casino faces competition from the backdoor betting junkets that operate illegally despite government’s stringent regulations on gaming. The current global economic slump is a major threat to the company. This may not favor quality services and expansion into novel markets. Future Marketing Strategy (Objectives/ Activities) The hotel should concentrate on varied segments in the population. There can be an espousal of different service rating mechanism for home and foreign visitors to encourage both. Thi9s will ensure service utilization by almost all segments of population, thus increasing client base and returns. Maximization of cash flow from operating assets can result through organic returns upscale and working effectiveness. Collaboration with organizations, especially tour travel bodies will help in future to attract more customers and satisfy their needs. Thi s will again expand capacity and increase competitive strength. Careful rate fixing will help the hotel to reduce loss of its customers to the competitors like GMB in the future. The company should strive to extend to new feeder markets all over the continent and establish itself as a world’s foremost hospitality service provider in five years time. This is achievable through active and noble means of capital outsourcing from IPO’s, bonds, and engaging in sustainable loaning systems. List of References Ballinger, L. (2010), Don’t go off the VERY deep end†¦ Infinity pool 55 STOREYS above ground opens in Singapore in dazzling new  £4bn resort. Web. Bowie, D. Buttle, F. (2004), Hospitality Marketing: An introduction, Oxford, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Cohen, M. (2010), Singapore Casinos an Uncertain Bet. Web. Doyle, P. (2008), Value-Based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value, Chichester, West Sussex, John Wiley and Sons. Kumar. (2010), Mktg of Hospitality Tourism Serv. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Las Vegas Sands Corp. (2010). Annual Report; Marina Bay Sands Singapore– April 2010. Web. Macdonald, M. (2008), Malcolm McDonald on Marketing Planning: UnderstandingMarketing Plans and Strategy, Philadelphia, PA, Kogan Page Publishers. Olsen, M. Zhao, J. (2008), Handbook of Hospitality Strategic Management, Massachusetts, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Reid, R Bojanic, D (2010), Hospitality marketing management, 5th edition, Hoboken NJ, USA Wiley Sons. The Pulse, (2009), Bigger and Bolder. Issue N. 7. Web. Williams, KS Leech, C. (2004). Creating a Customer Focus CMIOLP, Massachusetts, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Wood, R. Brotherton, B. (2008). The Sage handbook of hospitality management, California, CA, SAGE Publications Ltd. This report on Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel was written and submitted by user Allan Powers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh

Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh life the writer, whose novels were read all around the whole world and who women were crazy about, seemed not to have known the happiness of this great feeling. So what was the story of Ernest Hemingway and Mary Welsh? Ernest belonged to that rare type of men who believed that any serious passion for women should end with a marriage. Being married for the third time, in 1944 in a London pub Ernest saw a pretty blonde and fell in love. Mary Welsh was a charming blonde, an American, a daughter of a woodcutter, who studied to become a journalist (Meyers). By the time of meeting with Hemingway she was thirty-six years, and she was married. On the eighth day of dating the writer came up to her and in the presence of all said: I want you to marry me. I want to be your husband (Reynolds). Mary asked Hemingway to stop talking nonsense, as both of them were married. However, the follow-up meeting in a Paris hotel put everything in the right place, and they fell into the arms of each other. For a few days they maintained their strength with champagne and joyful amazement of being together. Two years later, in March 1946, Hemingway and Mary Welsh got married.. After the wedding dinner the couple quarreled. The next morning, as Mary recalled, sober Hemingway happily announced, Let us never get married again! She replied, Definitely not with each other. He added, Not with anyone else. I still love you (Meyers). In such a way they made it up. Undoubtedly, to be a wife of a genius is interesting, but it is also incredibly difficult Mary forgave Hemingway his rudeness, heavy drinking and even adultery only because he was incredibly talented. Hemingways children criticized their mother for lack of will. You do not understand, she said, I am a wife, not a cop (Reynolds). They lived together for fifteen years. In fact, it was a long and happy marriage. Nevertheless, their children accused Mary Welsh of the fact that she helped Hemingway to die. In the last years of life the writer repeatedly tried to kill himself One day Mary found her husband charging a gun. She tried to distract him, joking that it would be nice to start writing a suicide note. Still, Hemingway was persuaded to go to a clinic. Mary rented a room in a nearby hotel and spent all the days with her husband. She was the only person with whom Ernest could speak without any fear of being suspected of madness. In his last year, he repeatedly tried to kill himself. After trying to shoot himself, he wanted to jump out of a plane by which he was being taken to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, but it did not work as the door would not open. At the hospital Hemingway was treated with electroshock (Reynolds). This caused a partial loss of memory, vision, and even more severe depression. When asked to write a few simple suggestions for a book about Kennedy, after a few hours of fruitless efforts Hemingway started crying in the presence of his doctor. It was too humiliating for him to realize that, being a great writer, he could not make up e ven the most primitive phrase. He once said that if he felt his hopelessness, then he would not hesitate to leave this life. Early in the morning of July 2, 1961, Ernest Hemingway fulfilled his promise Mary knew it was meant for him. Mary Welsh outlived him by a quarter of a century and prepared Hemingways Parisian memories as a book A Moveable Feast to print. This novel is considered the best work of Ernest Hemingway.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Major Courses Needed for a Statistics Degree

Major Courses Needed for a Statistics Degree So you want to study statistics in college. What courses will you need to take? Not only will you be taking classes that pertain directly to statistics, but you will also take classes that are similar, if not identical, to those taken by students majoring in mathematics. Below is an overview of courses that commonly make up the core of a Bachelor’s degree in statistics. Requirements for a degree vary from one  institution to another, so be sure to check with your own college or university catalog to be certain what you will need to take in order to graduate with a major in statistics. Calculus Courses Calculus is foundational for many other areas of mathematics. The typical calculus sequence involves at least three courses. There is some variation on how these courses segment the information. Calculus teaches problem-solving and develops numerical competency, both skills that are important for statistics. In addition to this, a knowledge of calculus is necessary to prove results in statistics. Calculus One:  In the first course of the calculus sequence you will learn to think carefully about functions, exploring topics such as limits and continuity. The main focus of the class will move to the derivative, which calculates the slope of the line tangent to a graph at a given point. Towards the end of the course, you will learn about the integral, which is a way to calculate the area of regions that have strange shapes.Calculus Two:  In the second course of the calculus sequence you will learn more about the process of integration. The integral of a function is typically harder to compute that its derivative, so you will learn about different strategies and techniques. The other major topic of the course is typically infinite sequences and series. Intuitively, this topic examines infinite lists of numbers, and what happens when we try to add these lists together.Calculus Three:  The underlying assumption of calculus one and two is that we deal with functions with only o ne variable. Real life is much more complicated with several variables in the most interesting applications. So we generalize the calculus that we know already, but now with more than one variable. This leads to results that can no longer be depicted on graph paper but need three (or more) dimensions to illustrate. Other Mathematics Courses In addition to the calculus sequence, there are other courses in mathematics that are important to statistics. They include the following courses: Linear Algebra:  Linear algebra deals with the solutions to equations that are linear, meaning that the highest power of the variables is the first power. Although the equation 2x 3 7 is a linear equation, the equations that are of most interest in linear algebra involve several variables. The topic of matrices is developed to solve these equations. Matrices become an important tool to store data in statistics and other disciplines. Linear algebra also directly pertains to the area of regression in statistics.Probability:  Probability is foundational for much of statistics. It gives us a way to quantify chance events. Starting with set theory to define basic probability, the course will move on to more advanced topics in probability such as conditional probability and  Bayes theorem. Examples of other topics may include discrete and continuous random variables, moments, probability distributions, the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.Real Analysis:  This co urse is a careful study of the real number system. In addition to this, the concepts in calculus such as limit and continuity are developed rigorously. Many times theorems in calculus are stated without proof. In analysis, the goal is to prove these theorems using deductive logic. Learning proof strategies is important to develop clear thinking. Statistics Courses Finally, we arrive at what you want to major in, statistics. Although the study of statistics is heavily dependent upon mathematics, there are some courses that do specifically pertain to statistics. Introduction to Statistics:  The first course in statistics will cover basic descriptive statistics such as average and standard deviation. In addition, some topics of statistical inference such as hypothesis testing will be encountered for the first time. Depending upon the level and aims of the course, there may be a number of other topics. Some courses overlap with probability and will involve a study of different types of probability distributions. Other courses are more data-driven and will focus on how to use computational software to analyze the statistics of these data sets.Mathematical Statistics:  Here the topics of the introduction to statistics course are dealt with in a mathematically rigorous fashion. There may be few if any data involved in this course. Rather the ideas from most if not all of the mathematics courses are used to deal with statistical ideas in a theoretical way.Specialized Courses:  There are a variety of other courses that you could then take to earn a degree in statistics. Many colleges and universities have entire courses built around regression, time series, actuarial studies and biostatistics. Most statistics programs require that you complete several of these courses in specialized topics.

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Essay Example These occurrences are known as subsequent events.1 There are two types of subsequent events which an external auditor must evaluate: Firstly, the auditors must consider those evidences which involved conditions with respect to those that existed at the date of the balance sheet and it would affect the financial statements. All the information that is achieved prior to the issuance of the financial statements should be taken into consideration. The second types of event are those events that did not existed even at the time of balance sheet. Some of these types of events are such that disclosing this information would save the financial statements form being misleading. The effects of the subsequent events can be seen in the assets such as receivables and inventories or in the estimation of liabilities because these kinds of events represent the functionalities which exist over a long period of time.2 After the balance sheet date is over, there is a time period when the auditors are c oncerned about completing their different phase of audits. This time period is known as subsequent period and this period extends till the date of the auditor's report. This period may vary from time to time depending on the situations. In addition to the main duties, it is also the task of the external auditor to conduct other auditing procedures and require adjusting and disclosing the essential financial events and occurrences so as to present a completely transparent report, according to the stated accounting principles.3 Solutions Further Audit Evidences This study is on the Platinum Pokie Club in Western Australia. The evidences in the subsequent period are giving for the external audit firm to analyze their outcomes. Audit evidences are basically the information that auditors use for arriving at a conclusion. Auditors do not examine all the information given because generally many of the information are cumulative in nature that is they occur over a long period of time and ma y sometimes be analyzed after the date of balance sheet during the subsequent period. Audit evidences are more reliable when they are receiving from external sources that are unbiased. The evidences acquired directly by the auditor are more authentic that information received indirectly. Moreover, information available in a documented form is trusted more than verbally transmitted information.4 The financial controller of the club reported on 5th august, before the auditor’s report, that Mr. Tan, the general manager has made fraudulent expenses claims of $ 40000 over 5 years. The profit and loss account for the five years during which Mr. Tan was working in the club should be properly analyzed. All the evidences supporting all the expenditures should be received and then estimate the actual amount of fraud expenditures. Moreover, the account details of Mr. Tan can be collected with the help of police authorities to see his bank balances. In the second evidence we see Ms. Pete rs taking legal action against the company and claiming medication and damage charge from the club. For this kind of even, solicitor's advice can be taken, so as to see the likelihood of the customer winning the case and estimate the costs that they would be incurring. The financial controller informed on 18th of August about some serious fire that occurred during a football celebration. For this the insurance money has already been received. But the problem is that the bistro and bar would remain close

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Hooks law Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hooks law - Lab Report Example The magnitude of this restoring force is directly proportional to the stretch in the relation below. From the relation it is evident that if a plot of F as a function of ∆ l has a linear proportion. This provides confirmation that the spring conforms to Hookes Law and enables us to find k mathematically. (Sears, 1981) The objective of this experiment is to study the behavior of ordinary springs in static and dynamic situations. We will determine the spring constant,  k , (K which is the stiffness of the spring), for an individual spring using both Hookes Law and the properties of an oscillating spring system. Figure 2 indicates that for forces greater than about 4.5N (notice intercept of best fit), there is a linear relation between force and extension. For small loads such a relationship fails, since the fit curve does not intercept the y axis at zero. It is assumed that this is caused by an initial "set" in the spring which requires some initial load to overcome. This is apparent if one stretches the spring manually and then releases it. It seems to snap shut at the last moment. These were used to plot the line on the graph. The slope of the line, ignoring loads of less than 4.5N, was found to be 147.36 N/m. From Equation 1, we see that we need to multiply this quantity by g to calculate a value for the spring constant of k = 217.4  ± 1.8 N/m. A graph of force versus the magnitude of displacement resulted in the expected straight line in the range of forces examined and is consistent with Hooke’s law. The slope of this line, 147.36 N/m, is the spring constant, which agrees with value found by taking the average of the calculated spring constant. The intercept for the best fit straight line intersects close to the origin, which is also consistent with Hooke’s law. The potential sources of error in this experiment are due to the precision of the location measurement using the meter rule and the accuracy of the slotted masses used. The meter

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Cross Linguistic Influence English Language Essay

Cross Linguistic Influence English Language Essay The research area of this paper is a cross-linguistic influence or as otherwise known transfer. Specifically, I propose to examine orthographic transfer and its potential effects on English native speakers pronunciation of segmentals in German as their second language. The fact that orthography can influence second language pronunciation is recognized by many foreign language teachers. Nevertheless, there is not enough evidence for such influence and more research is needed (Bassetti, 2008). Previous research on orthographic transfer has mainly looked at its effects on reading and spelling (Jarvis Pavlenko, 2008). Cook and Bassetti (2005) argue that writing system transfer is separate from language transfer maintaining that it is not so much aspects of the language that may be carried over as the attributes of a particular writing system (p. 29). Jarvis and Pavlenko (2008) concur with the above statement; however they also emphasize the importance of the connection between orthographic transfer and language use, since it relates to the orthographic effects on phonology and vice versa. According to Jarvis and Pavlenko, during the development of L1literacy skills, which uses the phonetic alphabet, important sound-letter correspondences are acquired which later can be transferred to the acquisition and use of the second language. Before proceeding any further, the discussion of two key terms that are extensively used in this paper as well as their definitions as proposed by the researchers in the field of SLA is required. The terms are writing system and orthography. The first term to define is writing system. Coulmas (1999) defines writing system (WS) as a set of visible or tactile signs to represent units of language in a systematic way (p. 560). There are various types of writing systems depending on what type of linguistic units they represent (Bassetti, 2005). Consequently, there are writing systems whose linguistic units are consonants hence the name consonantal WSs (for example, Hebrew and Arabic). Morphemic WSs are represented by morphemes (Chinese) and alphabetic WSs are represented by phonemes (English, German, and Spanish). In addition, there are also syllabic WSs whose linguistic units are syllables (Japanese). This paper will specifically focus on alphabetic writing systems of English and German languages which use the same script the Roman alphabet. The term writing system relates to orthography which is the second term and is defined as a set of rules for using script in a particular language, such as symbol- phoneme correspondences, capitalization, punctuation, etc. (Coulmas, 2003, p. 35). For example, in English orthography the letter Ë‚s˃ is read as /s/ and in German orthography as /z/ (Benware, 1986). Thus, the same script- the Roman alphabet- is used differently in the English and German orthographies. Orthographies of the same type of alphabetic writing system and script are also varied in their regularity of sound-symbol correspondences (Cook Bassetti, 2005). For instance, in English, the letter Ë‚a˃ maps to different phonemes in words such as park, bank, and ball, whereas in German the same letter Ë‚a˃ has only one pronunciation /a/ as in German nouns Park, Ball, Bank (Goswami, Ziegler, Richardson, 2005). English orthography is very inconsistent in terms of its sound-letter correspondences thus it is considered to have deep orthography. Languages such as German, Italian and Spanish have relatively consistent letter-to-sound correspondences, so their orthographies are shallow or as otherwise called phonologically transparent (Cook Bassetti, 2005). Thus, it should be easier for English native speakers to acquire German sound-letter correspondence rules than for German native speakers to acquire English sound-letter correspondence rules. Nevertheless, there has been observed a considerable number of segmental mispronunciations by English native speakers learning German as a foreign language. Therefore, the question arises whether the knowledge of L1 orthography has an effect on how English native speakers pronounce segmentals in German or are there any other factors such as cognate status or the age of acquisition that contribute to the orthographic transfer?. Literature review The focus of this paper is to explore whether the knowledge of L1 (English) orthography, namely its sound-letter correspondence rules, is transferred to L2 (German) and whether it has any positive or negative effects on L2 pronunciation of segmentals in adult language learners of different proficiency levels. The paper also aims at investigating whether there is a significant difference of orthographic transfer produced by learners at different proficiency levels (beginning, intermediate and advanced). Finally, the study will examine whether a lexical factor such as cognate status has either positive or negative effect on the acquisition and use of German as a foreign language. A number of studies have examined orthographic effects on either spelling or reading. Many studies also have looked at the effects of L1 orthographic experience on L2 word learning and decoding. However, there has been little research examining the effects of orthography on phonology and vice versa. According to Hayes-Harb, Nicol, and Barker (2010) no research has examined spelling conventions of the native and second languages where both share the same script. Although there is some evidence of the relationship between orthographic and phonological representations in learning new vocabulary, more research is needed to shed light on this phenomenon (Hayes-Harb et al., 2010). As this study examines orthographic transfer from English to German, the notion of cross-linguistic similarity should be taken into consideration especially given the fact that both languages share a significant number of cross-linguistic similarities in cognate, lexical, phonological, and writing systems areas. Ringbom and Jarvis (2009) discuss the importance of cross-linguistic similarities in foreign language learning. Specifically, they maintain that learners rely on their previous linguistic knowledge and look for similarities rather than differences between the L1 and the TL. Ringbom and Jarvis also state that second language learners refer to their previous linguistic knowledge mostly at the beginning stages of second language acquisition. Another important factor such as phonetic awareness and phonetic sensitivity should not be neglected. Piske (2008) maintains that children develop phonetic sensitivity to speech contrasts specific to their L1 long before they begin read and write and at the same time their ability to perceive non-native speech contrasts (L2) weakens with age. So for adult language learners perceiving non-native speech contrast and sounds that are particular to the target language is difficult. To develop phonological awareness and sensitivity would require an extensive practice and frequent exposure to target language. Considering this fact, Piske states that adult language learners are influenced by writing systems of their L1 during L2 acquisition. Consequently this results in learners pronunciation errors which are linked to the reliance on L1 grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules. Especially this refers to the cases when sound-letter correspondences are inconsistent between the L1 and L2. Odlin (1989) also provides ample evidence compiled from different studies that demonstrate the clear effect of first language influence on L2 speech production and orthography. Odlin states that similar writing systems in L1 and L2 represent a much easier task for learners acquiring a new language. The same however, cannot be said of pronunciation, as other variables may influence decoding of written symbols in L2. Flege, Freida, Walley, and Randaza (1998) examined whether lexical factors such as frequency, familiarity, cognate status and the age of acquisition have an effect on production. The authors provide an insight into what role the cognate status of words can play and how it effects speech production. More specifically, Flege et al. state that degree of perceived relatedness can vary depending on degree of cross-linguistic similarities the L1 and L2 share. Specifically, they point to the proximity of cognate pairs in L1-L2 in their meaning and especially in sound. This paper will also examine whether cognate pairs influence L2 pronunciation of target sounds. Based on these statements it is also likely that English-speaking learners of German will rely on their knowledge of English sound-letter correspondence rules when speaking or reading in the target language. This may result in either mispronunciation of certain sound-letter correspondences that are inconsistent with English orthography or it may have facilitatory effects on L2 phonology acquisition. In terms of findings several studies particularly stand out. Young-Scholten (2002)1 provides evidence of orthographic effects on the production of German consonants by English speakers. Another study conducted by Young-Scholten, Akita, and Cross (1999)2 also shows evidence of the effects of written representations on the pronunciation of consonant clusters in learners of Polish as a second language. These findings led the researchers to conclude that there is a relationship between orthographic representations and L2 phonology. Other studies investigating the effects of orthography on second language phonology demonstrate that second language learners pronunciation can be influenced by orthographic input (Bassetti, 2007). Bassetti (2007) examined the effects of pinyin (a romanized version of the Chinese language) on pronunciation in learners of Chinese as a foreign language. The author predicted that orthographic representation of pinyin would result in learners not pronouncing the main vowel in the rhymes whose transcription does not represent that main vowel as in rhymes /iu/ which maps to [iou], /ui/ [uei] and /un/ [uÓâ„ ¢n]. The results of the study suggest strong influence of pinyin orthographic rules on the pronunciation of Chinese rhymes. Specifically, learners of Chinese as a foreign language would delete the main vowel, which is not present orthographically; however they would always pronounce the same main vowel in the rhymes /you/, /wen/, and /wei/ (Bassetti, 2006; Bassetti, 2007). One of the most recent studies conducted by Hayes-Harb et al. (2010) provides some evidence of orthographic influence on the acquisition of the phonological forms of new words. In this study, Hayes-Harb et al. recreated conditions in which subjects experienced learning new vocabulary in a new language. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the presence of the written form of the new words affected the learning of their phonological form. Thus, native speakers of English were divided into three groups. The first group was provided with the written forms of new words that were inconsistent with English spelling. The second group was presented with words that were matching the English sound-letter correspondences. The third group had only an auditory input and no written forms of the new words were provided. The results demonstrated that L1 orthography interfered with students ability to learn new words especially when new vocabulary differed from English sound-letter correspo ndences. While Hayes-Harb et al. (2010) provide some evidence of orthographic effects in the process of learning new phonological forms of words, the authors admit that the method is a novel one and in the future should be controlled by learners spelling ability. Previous studies show clear effects of a relationship between orthography and phonology in second language acquisition. Much of the research has analyzed orthographies that use different writing systems, and as Hayes-Harb et al. (2010) point out very little research has been done investigating the effects of orthographies on L2 pronunciation within the same writing system and script. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate further the notion of orthographic transfer by analyzing the relationship between orthography and phonology of two languages that share the same script and the following research questions are addressed in this paper: Is orthographic transfer statistically present in the sample? Do results vary and are they statistically significant between different proficiency levels? What is the nature of relationship between error score and students perceptions of cognate status? Method 2.1 Participants The participants of this study were 28 undergraduate American English speakers from Ohio University. The students were enrolled in the 100, 200 and 300 levels of German as a foreign language. The levels differ by proficiency. The 100 level is offered to beginners, the 200 level is an intermediate level, and the 300 level is taught to the advanced students respectively. Each proficiency level consists of a three quarter sequence meeting four hours per week with regular homework assignments. Each year sequence of German series focuses on developing all four language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). 2.2 Materials and procedures The study consisted of two phases: the screening phase and the data collection phase. During the screening phase, students enrolled in all three proficiency levels volunteered to fill out an online language background survey. The purpose of this survey was to select potential participants for the study by controlling several variables that could have had an effect on the results. It was set up in such a way that participants could be screened based on their responses to the first three questions. Thus, those who did not qualify for the study were automatically eliminated without going over all of the survey questions. First of all, it helped eliminate the students with any reading or speech disorders. It also helped exclude those students who were taking another foreign language class along with German. The survey also eliminated the students who had taken a foreign language other than German less than a year ago, which could have contributed to transfer from that language into their knowledge and use of German. In addition, information such as students motivation, number of years they have studied German and the time spent in German speaking countries was collected through this survey. As a result, out of 63 students who had volunteered to fill out the survey, 28 were qualified and participated in the data collection phase. The selected participants included nine beginners, eight intermediate-level students, and eleven advanced-level students. The data collection phase consisted of three tasks administered in the following order: an informal reading aloud task, a formal reading aloud task, and a perception task. All three tasks were performed by the students during individual single session meetings lasting fifteen minutes. Reading aloud is considered to be the best way to test the knowledge of sound-letter correspondences. It provides good control and allows for comparison of speech samples from different subjects. Reading aloud is also a technique that is widely used in a foreign language class thanks to which participants feel more comfortable during data collection (Madsen, 1983). During the informal reading task, students were asked to read aloud a German text which was adapted in order to target certain German consonants and consonant clusters as detailed in Tables 1 and 2. The inventory sets (see Table 1) include incongruent grapheme-phoneme correspondences students presumably would have had the most difficulty producing. Table 1. Incongruent grapheme-phoneme correspondences Sounds exist in both languages, but are represented with different letters German phoneme-grapheme correspondences English phoneme-grapheme correspondences 1 Ë‚w˃ / [v] e.g., Wind [vÉ ªnt] Ë‚v˃ /[v] eg.: van [và ¦n] 2 Ë‚v˃ / [f] e.g., Vogel [foË gl] Ë‚f˃ / [f] eg.: fan [fà ¦n] 3 Ë‚s˃ / [z] e.g., sinken [zÉ ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹knÃÅ' ©] Ë‚z˃ / [z] eg.: zone [zoÊÅ  n] 4 Ë‚s˃/[ʃ] when followed by e.g., Sport [ʃpɆrt] Ë‚s˃ / [ʃ] when followed by eg.: shine [ʃaÉ ªn] 5 Ë‚s˃ /[ʃ] when followed by e.g., Student [ʃtudɆºnt] Ë‚s˃ / [ʃ] when followed by eg.: shed [ʃɆºd] Sounds are different in both languages, but are represented with the same letters 6 Ë‚t˃/ [ts] e.g., Tradition [traditsioË n] Ë‚t˃/[ʃ] e.g., tradition [trÉâ„ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã‹â€ dÉ ªÃƒÅ Ã†â€™http://sp.dictionary.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/luna/thinsp.pngÉâ„ ¢n] 7 Ë‚z˃/ [ts] e.g., Zimmer [tsÉ ªmÉ ] Ë‚z˃ / [z] e.g., zone [zoÊÅ  n] 8 Ë‚ch˃/[à §] e.g., sportlich [ʃpɆrtlÉ ªÃƒ §] Ë‚ch˃/ [tʃ] e.g., rich [rÉ ªtʃ] Also is included a set of congruent phoneme-grapheme correspondences that exist in both English and German languages (see Table 3). Table 3. Congruent grapheme-phoneme correspondences Grapheme-phoneme correspondences existing in both languages German examples English examples 1 2 3 4 5 Ë‚b˃ maps to [b] Ë‚n˃ maps to [n] Ë‚l˃ maps to [l] Ë‚t˃ maps to [t] Ë‚p˃ maps to [p] Bank [baņ¹k] Nuss [nÊÅ  s] Land [lant] Tag [taË k] Park [park] Bank [bà ¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹k] Nut [nÊŒt] Land [là ¦nd ] Tag [tà ¦g ] Park [pÉ‘rk ] To test students pronunciation of the targeted German segmentals in relation to potential transfer effects, each grapheme-phoneme correspondence listed in Tables 1 and 2 was encountered at least twice in the informal reading task and once in the formal reading task. Students readings in both tasks were recorded in a soundproof recording laboratory using audio recording software. During the first task, students had one minute to read the text silently before being recorded. The formal reading task followed the informal one and required the participants to read words with the targeted sounds in isolation. The words in the formal task were a subset of those used in the informal task and some of them were cognates with English. Finally, during the perception task students had to categorize a list of both cognate and non-cognate German words in terms of their similarity to any of the English words. Students had to rate the words on a three-point scale (1=same; 2= similar; 3= dissimilar) relying on their own perceptions. Table 3 below contains examples of words students rated in the perception task. Table 3 Categorization of cognate and non-cognate words Same meaning Form Same Similar Dissimilar Ger. Wind Eng. Wind Ger. Sturm Eng. storm Ger. Viel Eng. many Ger. Student Eng. Student Ger. Milch Eng. Milk Ger. Vogel Eng. bird Ger. Winter Eng. Winter Ger. Temperatur Eng. Temperature Ger. Zeit Eng. time Ger. Warm Eng. Warm Ger. Wetter Eng. Weather Ger. Zimmer Eng. room Ger. Sport Eng. Sport Ger. Naturlich Egn. Naturally Ger. traurig Eng. sad Ger. Tradition Eng. Tradition Ger. Sportlich Eng. sporty Ger. Information Eng. Information Ger. Sonne Eng. Sun Ger. Strudel Eng. Strudel Results from these tasks revealed whether the reliance on first language orthography had a positive or negative effect on students pronunciation of segmentals in German. The mispronunciations in the recordings were quantified, categorized and recorded in a data file. Their performance was then codified and entered in the data file. Finally, student survey responses and identifying information collected through the questionnaire were matched with participants reading performance results and the perception task. Once the survey information and performance results were merged, the data was de-identified to ensure the confidentiality of the participants. Data analysis and results In order to address the first research question of whether orthographic transfer is statistically present in the sample, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the nonparametric alternative to the paired-sample t-test was used to examine whether the participants pronunciation errors were statistically more prevalent in cases of incongruent sound-letter correspondences between the L1 and L2 than in cases of congruent sound-letter correspondences. That is, we tested whether the participants distribution of errors and successes is keyed to the specific ways in which the L1 and L2 are related in terms of sound-letter correspondences. The results of the test revealed that orthographic transfer is statistically present in the sample (p=.00). Students indeed produced more errors in cases of incongruent sound-letter correspondences and there were zero number of mistakes in cases with congruent sound-letter correspondences. In order to address our second research question concerning whether there is any difference in the mean scores between proficiency level groups, The Kruskal Wallis test was performed. This test was conducted on the results of the reading tasks of the experiment to test whether the subjects from the three proficiency level groups differed significantly in producing German segmentals [à §, f, ts, ʃp, ʃt, z, v]. It was assumed that the distribution of errors would be more prevalent in the beginner level group as opposed to intermediate and advanced level groups. The results demonstrated a significant difference in mean scores between all three proficiency groups for both informal and formal reading tasks (p =.009). The results of the descriptive statistics are summarized below in Table 5.   Table 5 Mean error scores for each proficiency level Beginners group mean score Intermediate group mean score Advanced group mean score Group Mean Informal reading task 22.50 15.58 8.00 14.83 Formal reading task 20.42 13.85 5.41 12.64 Cumulative error mean 43.37 30.43 13.41 27.90 Valid N 9 8 11 28 Finally, in our last research question we examined the relationship between students performance results in both reading tasks and their perceptions regarding cognate status of the words. For this purpose a correlation analysis was conducted to examine what kind of relationship there exist between the number of errors produced in the target sounds and the number of students rating the words as same or dissimilar. As a result, correlation coefficient between error score and a number of students rating the words as same revealed a weak negative relationship between these two variables, with correlation coefficient r = -.47. On the other hand, correlation analysis between error score and a number of students rating the words as dissimilar showed a moderate positive relationship between the variables with r = .57. Discussion The present study is exploratory in its nature yet the results show evidence of orthographic transfer in the sample. By that we mean that students do tend to rely on their L1 knowledge of sound-letter correspondence rules specifically in the cases of incongruent sound-letter correspondences between the L1 and L2. The results also indicate a significant difference in mean error scores at different proficiency levels. Thus, the beginner level students produced the highest number of errors in targeted segmentals than students from intermediate and advanced levels. These findings support the idea Ringbom and Jarviss (2009) stated that the second language learners rely more on their previous linguistic knowledge at an early stages of second language acquisition. This especially applies to the languages that share a significant number of cross-linguistic features in cognate, lexical, phonological and writing systems, as in case of English and German. The results of this study are also in line with previous findings of Piske (2008), which suggested that adult learners are influenced by the writing systems of their L1. A considerable number of errors were observed in producing in seven out of eight German segmentals [à §, f, ts, ʃp, ʃt, z, ts] with the exception of [v] which maps to Ë‚w˃ in German. For example, the highest number of errors students produced was the German consonant Ë‚g˃ in word final which maps to palatal fricative [à §] when preceded by front vowels as in traurig and consonantal cluster Ë‚ch˃ in word final which also maps to palatal [à §] in words such as Milch, natà ¼rlich, sportlich. Students produced these two sounds as [k]. They also confused German Ë‚v˃ which maps to [f] with its English counterpart [v]. The same was observed with the other two German consonants Ë‚s,z˃ which map to [z,ts] respect ively and were pronounced as English phonemes [s, z]. This can be explained by the fact that all German consonants mentioned above are represented by the same graphemes in English, which resulted in students mispronunciations. Interesting results were obtained from the words that contained labio-dental [v] which in German maps to Ë‚w˃ grapheme. None of the students had errors producing this sound despite the fact that the same grapheme /w/ maps to an approximant [w] in English. This could be interpreted as following: it appears easier for students to produce sounds that are far apart in terms of their place of articulation than for instance, the sounds that vary only in their voicing. Thus students in this study had difficulty to devoice fricative [f] in German because it is represented by grapheme Ë‚v˃, which in English maps to voiced fricative [v]. Participants of this study also struggled producing consonantal clusters Ë‚ st, sp Ã⠀¹Ã†â€™ which in German language map to [ʃt, ʃp]. Although English has phoneme [ʃ], it exists in different phonetic environment and is never followed by [p,t] phonemes in onset. Therefore students confused these two consonantal clusters with their English counterparts and produced them as [sp] for example English sport or [st] as in English student. Lastly, the perception task yielded somewhat ambiguous results. It appears that there might be a relationship between the error score and a number of students rating the words as dissimilar. Nonetheless, this needs to be investigated in the future research using a larger sample as there was insufficient amount of data to strongly support the findings. For more details regarding error score and the students perceptions see Table 6 in Appendix A. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to find out to what extent English-speaking learners of German rely on the English orthography and whether the presence of cognate words results in mispronunciation in the target language or vice versa helps learners to acquire L2 phonology. Given what was found (a) evidence that English orthography, namely its grapheme-phoneme rules interferes with learners pronunciation of German segmentals, (b) evidence that learners were influenced by L1 writing system mostly at the beginning stages of second language acquisition, and (c) some evidence of potential relationship between the errors produced and students perceptions of cognate status, we might consider some practical implications for foreign language classroom as well as future research implications. As Hayes-Herb et al. (2010) suggested language teachers might find it beneficial presenting new vocabulary using initially auditory input only. This may particularly refer to the non-cognates words as students in this study made more errors in words that they rated as dissimilar with English. At the same time, it may be helpful for learners to receive written input of the words that contain German Ë‚w˃ in word initial, as students produced zero errors, which might suggest that in this particular case written input positively influenced learners pronunciation. Therefore it is important for language instructors to be aware of orthographic transfer and its positive and negative effects so that they can address this information accordingly in their classroom. On the other hand more research is needed to support these findings. For this purpose a more comprehensive study with a larger sample would help to expand the current analysis of data and make the findings general izable for a larger population of students studying German as a foreign language. Teacher surveys might reveal whether language instructors focus on orthographic transfer or is it something new to them as well as to what extent they focus on pronunciation of those specific sounds that might be problematic due to the reliance on L1 sound-letter correspondence rules in their classroom. The results can provide valuable insights that can be applied to the teaching of German as a foreign language. Furthermore, given the scope of this study only eight German segmentals were investigated. Examining other segmentals whose orthographic representations exist only in German (for example, Ë‚Â Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã†â€™, Ë‚Ã ¼, à ¶, à ¤ ˃) or segmentals whose sounds exist only in German but are represented by the same graphemes (for example German Ë‚r˃ which maps to several phonemes [Êâ‚ ¬, Ê , r] depending on the in word position) would clearly provide better results on the way English and German orthographies interact with German as a foreign language phonology. To conclude, while the this study attempted to address questions on how orthography of L1 and its sound-letter correspondence rules can be transferred to L2 phonology resulting in mispronunciation of certain segmentals still more research on this topic is needed.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Does marketing create or satisfy needs? Essay

When we talk about marketing, there are lot things that we should know first. Marketing is activities of creating value that desired by the potential buyers and receiving value from the potential buyers for the value that they have received. When marketers want to create something that has value to the potential buyers, marketers must know first, what do the potential buyers need or want. As a marketer, it does not make any sense if we sell something that does not have value, or if the marketers want people to purchase something that they do not need of even want. Marketers can not force anyone to do something. They can only ask them to buy their product or service. Some people might not care about what they are asking for. So, in the business of selling product or service, we know word â€Å"marketing†. Marketing is an art of identifying and meeting the people’s needs and wants. It is all about communication between two parties that profitable for the both sides by exc hanging value. Marketing is not that easy to do. As we know, we can not mess with the â€Å"free will† of the people around us or people that we see as the potential buyers. It is up to them if they are willing to buy the marketers’ products or service. In this case, the marketers have to do their marketing activities. Their job is to tell people that their product or service is suit with the people’s need or want. Therefore, the marketers have to know what do people need or want. How can the marketers find out about what the people need or want? They analyze the potential buyers. They have to collect data about the potential buyers. The data is all about their behavior and so on. Anything that can help the marketers to make the potential buyers recognize their product or service and tell them that they should buy it because it is something that they need or want. Products and services can not be created or even sold if people do not need or even want them. So, the data about t he potential buyers’ behavior is important. When the marketers analyze the data, they can tell if their product or service is desirable or not. In the marketing, we know â€Å"4p’s†. 4p’s are product, place, price, and promotion. First is product. It means that in order to make the potential buyers purchase the marketers’ product or service, they have to create a product or service that has desirable value. In another word, a useful product must be created for the potential buyers. Second is place. When the marketers want to sell their product or service, they have to consider the place also. Place that geographically potential to sell the product or service. Selling product or service at a wrong place can bring the marketers to the misery of loss. It can happen because place or environment can affect the ways of thinking or the behavior of the people in it. Different place means different need and want. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) recognize the need of Indonesia people for chicken that being eaten with rice. So, unlike in the other countries, they sell not only fried chicken, but also rice in In donesia. So, it is an important thing to consider the place to sell the product or service. Third is price. When the marketers sell their product or service, they have to set price that suit with their product or service. For example, we can not sell T-shirt at a price of $10,000. It will make sense if what we sell is car. So, the marketers have to set the price based on the value they are offering to the potential buyers. Nowadays, discounts can make the product or service being purchased. Setting the lowest price to pull the potential buyers is becoming trend to many companies. The last one is promotion. Talking about promotion is all about sending message to the potential buyers. The message tells the potential buyers that they need or want the product or service. That is why they have to buy it to fulfill their need or want. Promotion can be in any forms. The product or service can be promoted in commercials, banners, and any other media. The message must reach the way of thinking of the potential buyers or even their heart. Whatever it takes to make them desire and purchase the product or service. To sell the product or service, any marketers have to really consider about the 4 p’s. As we know, nowadays, people are independent and have their own thought. So, marketers have to think hard in order to reach a lot of people. But only reach people, but they also have to pull people to recognize and purchase the product or service. We can not avoid the fact, different  person, different personality, different thought, and different perception. What the marketers think is not the same as the people think. The way people think is influenced by the environment or the society around them. Places with different cultures must have different kind of people. Culture influences people time after time. So, it is something that can not be easily erased or changed by any marketers. And people with different kind of family backgrounds and different kind of friends must have different perception or way of thinking. People or group around the potential buyer influence their way of thinkin g and sometimes help them to decide what do they need or want. So, any marketers can not underestimate the 4 p’s. The needs and wants of the customers are differently created because of factors, such as cultural factors, social factors, and personal factors. First, cultural factors like the cultures around the customers create several certain needs and wants. Mostly, the culture in a country is different from the other countries. In a culture of a country, people have a different perception and way of thinking than people in the other country. It is a fundamental determinant of the marketers’ opportunities to enter the market. The second is social factors, such as reference group, family, role, and status. As we know, people around the customers are influence the way of thinking or perception and the behavior of the customers. We also know that people with different roles and status must have different needs and wants. For example, a person with a role as a governor needs a security. Unlike the common people who do not need any added security need. High status people usually purchase more than low status people. The high status people might need an expensive brand like Armani to show other people that they have a high status and power. Unlike the common people with middle to low status. They do not need more than a well known brand like Zara or something like that. As long as they are wearing an outfit that looks good on them. The third one is personal factors, such as gender, age and life cycle, economic circumstances, and lifestyle. Gender is really matter to create needs and wants. Women and men have different perception and circumstances. Women routinely need cosmetic to make them look good. But men do not need any cosmetics. Age and life cycle of the customers determine their need. A person in age 1 up to 2 or in ‘baby’ life cycle needs nappies. But a girl in  age 16 or in ‘teenager’ life cycle needs tampons. Economic circumstances of people are also determining what do they purchase. People with a good economic circumstance can recognize more needs and wants and purchase more than the other people. Next is lifestyle. It is obviously that lifestyles of the customer influence their behavior and they can also recognize their need and want. Because of their lifestyle, people purchase different thing with the other people. Lifestyle is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests, and opinion. For example, mostly of the people with a healthy lifestyle do not purchase junk foods. They only purchase fresh foods. So, they basically create their need based on the way they are thinking and their own perceptions. We can think of marketing as a way of making sure the customers have the right types of product and service experiences to create the right brand knowledge structures and maintain them in the customers’ memory. In practice, marketing is following the logical. First, marketers have to analyzing their opportunities, and then they have to select their target market. Market is a group of consumers or potential buyers. Marketers select the market which is desire their product or service, because they need or want it. Targeting market is about targeting people who do you think want to buy your product or experience your service. In practicing marketing in the target market, marketers also have to consider the four dimension of SIVA. SIVA contains of solution, information, value, and access. These are the questions of the customers that are designed to be answered in order to make the benefit exchange between the customers and the marketers. Solution : How can I solve this problem? Information : Where can I learn more about it? Value : What is my total sacrifice to get this solution? Access : Where can I find it? The dimensions above are the basic questions that must be answered by the marketers. So, to attract the customers, marketers must tell them that they can solve their problem. Somehow, the marketers must communicate with the  customers and make them sure that the marketers are really care about their problem and also care to solve it. In communication, marketers not only make the customers recognize their care, but also recognize the capability of the marketers to help the customers. The marketing process cans not being processed without any push by any means from the customers. Marketers are developing the marketing plan by analyzing the customers’ behavior or customers’ environment first. Any strategies that created are basically reflected by the data of the customers and their environment. Marketers communicate with customers in order to find out what do they need or what is their problem and tell them that marketers can fulfill it and also solve their problem. So, we can say that Marketing is reflect the needs and wants of the customers and happening in order to satisfy customers’ needs and wants. There is no way a company creates a useless product or service. There must be reasons and goal to reach when a company creates product or service. The marketing plan that developed by the marketers simply reflected by needs and wants of the customers. Marketing exist in order to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. There is another thought that say ‘Marketing shapes or create the need of the customers’. Some people might be agreed with the statement. There are a lot of marketers that have innovative and creative thinking who usually ‘think outside the box’. They make a new product and service. An unusual product or service that launched by the marketers. They promote them and tell the market that they should buy this for goodness sake. Because they need it. So, people simply think that marketing might shapes or even create the need of the customers. But there is something that we have to consider. They are creative and innovative marketers who basically just like the other marketers. They collect data from the customers and the environment around them and then transform it into useful information. But, they who think outside the box can recognize the ‘new need’ of the customer. So they create product or service based on their recognition. Product or servic e that the customers might do not think to need it but in the end, the customers hold on that product or service. All we can say is that the marketers just recognize the ‘new need’ of the  customers, but not create them. Who creates them are the customers themselves. For example, when they need communication, they have cable telephone. But, the marketers recognize that the cable telephone might not appropriate for people nowadays. So now there are cell phones. Portable phones are now become a basic need. People can not live without communicate with the other people by cell phones. The marketers found the ‘new need’ just by analyzing the customers and the environment. But, the customers are basically creating them time after time. Marketing is about recognize the existing problem or even the new problem of the customers and tell the customers that they can solve it by their product or service. It is all about satisfying the customers’ need and want to gain value from them too.